All topics

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that light appears to travel in straight lines and use this to explain how we see objects and why shadows have the same shape as the objects that cast…

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

State the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) and explain refraction as the change in speed and direction when light crosses a boundary…

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Explain that white light is a mixture of all visible colours (ROYGBIV), describe dispersion through a prism, explain why objects appear coloured (selective…

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Describe waves in terms of amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and wave speed; distinguish transverse waves (oscillation perpendicular to direction of travel)…

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Explain that sound is produced by vibrating objects and travels as a longitudinal pressure wave through solids, liquids, and gases; describe reflection of sound…

Science // Weather & Climate

Understand the basics of climate change: Earth’s atmosphere traps some of the Sun's heat (the greenhouse effect), burning fossil fuels adds extra greenhouse…

Science // Weather & Climate

Obtain and combine information to describe that energy and fuels are derived from natural resources and that their uses affect the environment

Science // Weather & Climate

Understand how the Sun drives weather: the Sun heats Earth's surface unevenly (land heats faster than water, equator gets more heat than poles), creating…

Science // Weather & Climate

Understand that Earth has distinct climate zones — tropical (hot and wet near the equator), temperate (moderate, with four seasons), polar (freezing cold)…

Science // Weather & Climate

Know that Earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere, that air has weight and exerts pressure, that the atmosphere protects us from harmful…

Science // Weather & Climate

Know about extreme weather events — hurricanes (spinning storms over warm ocean), tornadoes (violent rotating columns of air), floods, droughts, and blizzards…

Science // Weather & Climate

Explain that unequal solar heating drives large-scale atmospheric circulation: Hadley cells (0-30°), Ferrel cells (30-60°), and polar cells (60-90°) produce the…

Science // Weather & Climate

Describe the electromagnetic spectrum and distinguish between short-wave solar radiation and long-wave infrared radiation emitted by Earth; explain how…

History // Ancient Egypt

Evaluate ancient Egypt's lasting legacy: the Egyptians developed early forms of medicine, mathematics (used to build pyramids and survey land after floods)…

History // Ancient Egypt

Know that ancient Egypt eventually came to an end: the last pharaoh was Cleopatra VII, who allied with Rome but was defeated by Octavian (later Augustus) in 31…

History // Ancient Egypt

Analyse Egyptian art and architecture: understand that Egyptian paintings followed strict conventions (people shown from the side with eyes from the front, size…

History // Ancient Egypt

Understand that ancient Egypt had a thriving economy based on farming surplus, trade, and specialised labour: the Nile's fertile soil produced enough food to…

History // Ancient Egypt

Describe the Egyptian belief in the judgement of the dead: after death, the heart was weighed against the feather of Ma'at in the Hall of Judgement, with Anubis…

History // Ancient Egypt

Understand that the pharaoh was not just a ruler but was believed to be a living god — the intermediary between the gods and the people — and that the concept…

History // Ancient Egypt

Describe the Egyptian achievement in mathematics and engineering: the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus shows calculations of area, volume, and fractions; the…

History // Ancient Greece & Rome

Evaluate the lasting contributions of Greek and Roman civilisations to modern life — democracy, law, language (Latin roots), architecture (columns, arches…

History // Ancient Greece & Rome

Understand that Roman law became the basis for legal systems across Europe and beyond, that Latin is the root of French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and…

History // Ancient Greece & Rome

Explain how Rome was first governed as a republic — with elected consuls, a powerful Senate, and a distinction between patricians and plebeians — before…

History // Ancient Greece & Rome

Identify Greek column styles — Doric (plain and sturdy), Ionic (scroll-shaped capitals), and Corinthian (ornate leafy capitals) — and Roman architectural…