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English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use commas to separate items in a list within a sentence (e.g., 'I bought apples, bananas, and oranges')

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Punctuate direct speech using inverted commas (speech marks), understanding that direct speech records the exact words spoken and must be enclosed in…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Expand noun phrases with modifying adjectives, nouns, and preposition phrases to add detail

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Ensure subject-verb agreement and pronoun-antecedent agreement within and across sentences

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use the progressive (continuous) verb tenses — past progressive (was walking), present progressive (am walking), and future progressive (will be…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Link ideas across paragraphs using adverbials of time (later, meanwhile, after a while), place (nearby, far away, beyond the wall), and number (secondly…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use cohesive devices within a paragraph — including pronouns, adverbials (then, after that, firstly), and synonyms — to link sentences and build a coherent flow…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use prepositional phrases (preposition + noun phrase) to add detail about time, location, or direction within sentences, recognising how they function…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use brackets, dashes, and commas to indicate parenthesis — additional information inserted into a sentence that could be removed without changing the sentence's…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use relative clauses beginning with relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why) to add detail, qualify…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional English patterns (opinion-size-age-shape-colour-origin-material-purpose) to produce natural-sounding…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Convert nouns and adjectives into verbs by adding suffixes -ate, -ise (-ize), and -ify, understanding how word class changes affect sentence construction

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use verb prefixes (dis-, de-, mis-, over-, re-) to change verb meaning, understanding how each prefix modifies the action expressed by the root verb

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use commas to clarify meaning and avoid ambiguity in sentences where the absence of a comma could cause misreading

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet) when joining two independent clauses in a compound sentence

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Recognise and correct sentence fragments (incomplete sentences lacking a subject or predicate) and run-on sentences (two or more independent clauses joined…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use the passive voice to shift focus from the agent to the action or recipient, understanding how passive constructions affect the presentation of information…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use verb tense to convey various times, sequences, states, and conditions, selecting tenses deliberately to express the precise timing and nature of actions and…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Recognise and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense within and across sentences and paragraphs, maintaining consistency unless a shift is required by…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Link ideas across paragraphs using a wider range of cohesive devices including word repetition, grammatical connections such as adverbials, and ellipsis to…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use hyphens to avoid ambiguity in compound modifiers and prefixed words, distinguishing between meanings that change based on hyphen placement

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use commas to set off the words yes and no, to set off tag questions, and to indicate direct address in sentences

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use underlining, quotation marks, or italics to indicate titles of works, applying conventions for different types of works such as books, stories, poems…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence, including introductory words, phrases, and clauses