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English // Grammar & Punctuation
Verb Voice and MoodUnderstand and use active and passive voice deliberately, and recognise verb moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional) and their effects…
Ages 12 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Evaluating Arguments in Non-FictionEvaluate arguments and claims in non-fiction texts — assess whether reasoning is sound, evidence is relevant and sufficient, distinguish between fact and…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Figurative Language and Literary DevicesDetermine the meaning of figurative and connotative language in context, analyse the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, and identify literary…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Poetic forms and conventionsRecognise and understand poetic conventions — including form (sonnet, ballad, free verse), metre, rhyme scheme, stanza structure, imagery, and sound devices…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Narrative Perspective and Unreliable NarratorsAnalyse point of view and narrative perspective — including first person, third person limited and omniscient, and unreliable narrator — and how the author's or…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Plot Structure and Character DevelopmentAnalyse how plot structure unfolds through episodes or key events, and how characters develop, respond to challenges, and change over the course of a narrative…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Understanding drama and performanceUnderstand how dramatists communicate meaning through performance — including staging, direction, set design, lighting, and actors' choices — and how different…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Critical comparison across textsMake critical comparisons across texts — comparing themes, characters, settings, styles, or arguments in two or more works, including texts from different…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Tracing Theme Across a TextDetermine and analyse the theme or central idea of a text, trace how it develops across the text through key details and events, and provide an objective…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Purpose, audience, and contextIdentify the purpose, audience, and context of a text and use this knowledge to support comprehension — recognising how writing aimed at different audiences…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Reading Comprehension
Analysing Text StructureAnalyse how a text's structure — including its overall organisation, use of chapters, stanzas, scenes, paragraphs, or sections — contributes to its meaning…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptEnglish // Vocabulary
Advanced Figurative LanguageUnderstand and interpret figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meaning — including allusion, irony, pun, oxymoron, and extended metaphor…
Ages 11 to 14ConceptScience // Animals of the World
The Red Queen HypothesisIntroduce the Red Queen hypothesis — species must keep evolving just to maintain fitness relative to co-evolving partners; describe predator-prey arms races…
Ages 11 to 12ConceptScience // Animals of the World
The Biodiversity CrisisQuantify the current biodiversity crisis: extinction rates 100-1000x the background rate; explain methods for measuring biodiversity loss (species-area…
Ages 12 to 14ConceptScience // Animals of the World
Sexual SelectionExplain sexual selection as a form of natural selection: runaway selection for peacock tails, bird of paradise displays, and frog calls; explain kin selection…
Ages 12 to 13ConceptScience // Animals of the World
Deep-Sea SurvivalExplain how deep-sea animals cope with crushing pressure (no gas-filled spaces, flexible proteins, pressure-adapted enzymes); describe thermoregulation extremes…
Ages 12 to 13ConceptScience // Animals of the World
Grouping Species Using DNAExplain cladistics: organisms are grouped by shared derived characters, not just similarity; how phylogenetic trees are built using molecular data (DNA sequence…
Ages 13 to 14ConceptScience // Dinosaurs & Paleontology
Dinosaur-to-Bird TransitionTrace the evidence for the dinosaur-to-bird transition in depth: feathered theropods from the Liaoning Formation (China), the mix of dinosaur and bird features…
Ages 11 to 13ConceptScience // Dinosaurs & Paleontology
Radiometric DatingExplain how radiometric dating works — radioactive isotopes decay at a known rate (half-life), so measuring the ratio of parent to daughter isotope in a rock or…
Ages 11 to 13ConceptScience // Dinosaurs & Paleontology
Mass Extinctions in Earth HistoryCompare the five major mass extinction events in Earth history (End-Ordovician, Late Devonian, End-Permian, End-Triassic, K-Pg), describe proposed kill…
Ages 12 to 14ConceptScience // Ecosystems & Habitats
Food Webs & InterdependenceConstruct and interpret food webs showing the interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem, explaining how a change in one population affects others
Ages 11 to 12ConceptScience // Ecosystems & Habitats
Pollination & Pollinator DeclineExplain the importance of insect pollination for plant reproduction and human food security, and discuss the consequences of pollinator decline
Ages 11 to 12ConceptScience // Ecosystems & Habitats
Energy Loss Between LevelsExplain how energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain, why energy is lost at each stage, and use pyramids of biomass/numbers to represent…
Ages 11 to 12ConceptScience // Ecosystems & Habitats
The Water CycleDescribe the water cycle, tracing water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, and transpiration in plants, explaining how the sun…
Ages 11 to 12Concept