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Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand that Earth's crust is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates that float on hotter, softer rock beneath and move very slowly — a few…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know about famous eruptions and their global effects: Mount St Helens (1980), Eyjafjallajökull (2010), and how large eruptions can affect weather and climate…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand that not all volcanic eruptions are the same: some flow gently (effusive) and some explode violently (explosive), depending on the properties of the…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Know that scientists measure earthquakes using seismometers, that earthquakes release energy that travels as waves through the ground, and that a magnitude…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand the rock cycle: rocks slowly change from one type to another over millions of years — igneous rock weathers into sediment, sediment becomes…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understand that convection currents in the molten mantle drive the movement of rigid tectonic plates; distinguish between convergent (collision/subduction)…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Distinguish between P-waves (compression, travel through solids and liquids) and S-waves (shear, cannot pass through liquids); explain why a seismic shadow zone…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Describe calderas such as Yellowstone and Toba as supervolcanoes capable of erupting thousands of cubic kilometres of ash; explain how sulphur dioxide aerosols…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Explain probabilistic hazard assessment using eruption recurrence intervals and fault slip rates; describe how volcano observatories monitor ground deformation…

Science // Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Explain how large igneous provinces (LIPs) — massive outpourings of lava over millions of years — caused global warming and ocean acidification that drove mass…

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Observe that objects in darkness can be seen only when illuminated by a light source

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Understand that vibrating materials can make sound, and that sound can make materials vibrate

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that shadows are formed when light from a source is blocked by an opaque object, and find patterns in how shadow size changes

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Notice that light is reflected from surfaces, and that shiny smooth surfaces reflect light best

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that light from the sun can be dangerous and that there are ways to protect eyes

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that vibrations from sounds travel through a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to the ear

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Find patterns between the volume of a sound and the strength of the vibrations that produced it

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that sounds get fainter as the distance from the sound source increases

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Find patterns between the pitch of a sound and features of the object that produced it

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Develop a model to describe that light reflecting from objects and entering the eye allows objects to be seen

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Develop a model of waves to describe patterns in terms of amplitude and wavelength, and understand that waves can cause objects to move

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Generate and compare multiple solutions that use patterns to transfer information, such as codes and signals

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

Recognise that light appears to travel in straight lines and use this to explain how we see objects and why shadows have the same shape as the objects that cast…

Science // Waves, Light & Sound

State the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) and explain refraction as the change in speed and direction when light crosses a boundary…