All topics

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Explain how environmental change can outpace a species' ability to adapt through natural selection, leading to extinction, using historical and contemporary…

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Describe the carbon cycle, tracing carbon through photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition, and combustion, and explain the role of each process

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Explain natural selection as the mechanism of evolution: heritable variation + competition for resources + differential survival and reproduction = change in…

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Describe the main types of evidence for evolution: the fossil record (change over time), comparative anatomy (homologous structures), and the geographic…

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Explain how environmental change (climate change, habitat loss, pollution) affects the distribution of species, including range shifts, local extinction, and…

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Explain variation within and between species, distinguishing between continuous variation (e.g. height) and discontinuous variation (e.g. blood group), and…

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Explain what biodiversity means, why high biodiversity makes ecosystems more resilient, and describe the ways human activity threatens biodiversity (habitat…

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Explain how organisms affect and are affected by their environment, including the bioaccumulation of toxic materials (e.g. pesticides, heavy metals) through…

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Describe the relationship between chromosomes, genes, and DNA in heredity, including the double helix structure of DNA and the historical roles of Watson…

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Explain genetic mutation as a random change in DNA sequence, describe causes of mutation (e.g. radiation, chemicals, copying errors), and explain that most…

Science // Ecosystems & Habitats

Explain how alleles are inherited in sexual reproduction and use Punnett squares to predict the probability of offspring inheriting a characteristic, including…

Science // Energy

Identify the main energy stores (kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear, electromagnetic) and the pathways by which…

Science // Energy

Explain the principle of conservation of energy (energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores), and describe how energy is dissipated…

Science // Energy

Understand that electric current is the rate of flow of charge (measured in amperes using an ammeter), and that potential difference (voltage) is the energy…

Science // Energy

Explain static electricity as the build-up of electric charge through friction, describe how charged objects attract or repel each other, and relate static…

Science // Energy

Distinguish between renewable energy resources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, biomass) and non-renewable resources (coal, oil, gas, nuclear)…

Science // Energy

Describe and compare the three mechanisms of heat transfer — conduction (particle vibration through solids), convection (fluid movement in liquids/gases), and…

Science // Energy

Define power as the rate of energy transfer (power = energy ÷ time, measured in watts), and compare energy transfer rates in different everyday contexts

Science // Energy

Describe and apply the rules for current, voltage, and resistance in series and parallel circuits, and explain the practical uses of each circuit type

Science // Forces & Motion

Explain relative motion — how the apparent speed and direction of an object depends on the observer's own motion — using everyday examples such as trains and…

Science // Forces & Motion

Calculate average speed using the equation speed = distance ÷ time, represent journeys on distance-time graphs, and interpret gradient as speed and flat…

Science // Forces & Motion

Distinguish between mass (amount of matter, measured in kg) and weight (gravitational force, measured in N), use the equation weight = mass × gravitational…

Science // Forces & Motion

Describe forces as vector quantities with both magnitude and direction, distinguish between balanced forces (zero resultant, no change in motion) and unbalanced…

Science // Forces & Motion

Describe magnetic poles (north and south), explain attraction and repulsion between poles, describe magnetic field lines plotted using a compass, and explain…