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English // Grammar & Punctuation

Begin sentences with a capital letter and end them with the appropriate mark (full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark); recognise and name end punctuation

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use commas to separate items in a list within a sentence (e.g., 'I bought apples, bananas, and oranges')

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use subordination (when, if, that, because) and co-ordination (or, and, but) to join clauses and create compound and complex sentences

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs correctly (e.g., sat, hid, told, went, came, ran), recognising that these do not follow the…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use conjunctions (when, before, after, while, so, because), adverbs (then, next, soon, therefore) and prepositions (before, after, during, in, because of) to…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Punctuate direct speech using inverted commas (speech marks), understanding that direct speech records the exact words spoken and must be enclosed in…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use irregular plural nouns (e.g., children, teeth, mice, geese) in addition to regular plurals, recognising that some nouns have irregular plural forms…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use the simple past, present, and future verb tenses consistently in writing

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use Standard English verb inflections in place of non-standard local forms

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use fronted adverbials to vary sentence openings and punctuate them with commas

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Expand noun phrases with modifying adjectives, nouns, and preposition phrases to add detail

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs, choosing correctly between them

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Ensure subject-verb agreement and pronoun-antecedent agreement within and across sentences

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use the progressive (continuous) verb tenses — past progressive (was walking), present progressive (am walking), and future progressive (will be…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Link ideas across paragraphs using adverbials of time (later, meanwhile, after a while), place (nearby, far away, beyond the wall), and number (secondly…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use cohesive devices within a paragraph — including pronouns, adverbials (then, after that, firstly), and synonyms — to link sentences and build a coherent flow…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use prepositional phrases (preposition + noun phrase) to add detail about time, location, or direction within sentences, recognising how they function…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use brackets, dashes, and commas to indicate parenthesis — additional information inserted into a sentence that could be removed without changing the sentence's…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Form and use relative clauses beginning with relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why) to add detail, qualify…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional English patterns (opinion-size-age-shape-colour-origin-material-purpose) to produce natural-sounding…

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Convert nouns and adjectives into verbs by adding suffixes -ate, -ise (-ize), and -ify, understanding how word class changes affect sentence construction

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use verb prefixes (dis-, de-, mis-, over-, re-) to change verb meaning, understanding how each prefix modifies the action expressed by the root verb

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use commas to clarify meaning and avoid ambiguity in sentences where the absence of a comma could cause misreading

English // Grammar & Punctuation

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet) when joining two independent clauses in a compound sentence